Which Of The Factors Below Affect The Routine Sanitation Schedule In Animal Facilities?
MONITORING
It is very of import that all research animals be monitored on a regular basis. While at least cursory observation of the animals is made past the animal attendants during cage cleaning procedures, this type of inspection may not detect problems in the early stages.
At a minimum, ane of the researchers responsible for the animals should check each and every animate being once per calendar week.
Depending on the nature of the research being conducted on the brute more frequent monitoring may be necessary, for instance: postal service-operatively, when using strains of animals that are known to develop specific problems at a given historic period, or when working with colonies of aged animals. If more frequent monitoring is required, the minimum interval of inspection may be determined by checking the "Clinical Endpoints" section of the protocol the animals are covered by. It is of import that responsibility for this task be conspicuously defined and, when that person volition be away for any length of fourth dimension, another person designated to take over. Symptoms of an animate being that is feeling pain or stress may vary by species. Some symptoms of pain include isolation from others in the aforementioned housing unit, abnormal torso posture (i.e. hunching or stiffness), and vocalisation, especially if disturbed. If housed singly, it may be possible to discover decreased ambition or reduction in fecal or urine output. Piloerection or lack of grooming is oft a sign that animals that are not feeling well. The following table shows some of the common signs of pain and stress and gives an expectation of their occurrence. This table is non intended to be a definitive guide to determining the presence of pain and/or stress, especially since different species may showroom different responses. Additional information on the species specific signs of hurting is available from the CCAC at http://world wide web.ccac.ca/en_/standards/guidelines/additional/vol2_mice.
| Sign | Pain | Stress |
|---|---|---|
| Protecting injured part (e.g., limb, abdomen) | Usually seen; may be reluctant to movement | Seldom seen |
| Vocalizing | Especially if forced to motility | May occur in isolated stressed animal |
| Respiration | Rate increased and may be shallow | rate may exist increased if animal is besides fearful |
| Attitude | May be depressed and unresponsive to stimuli | Ordinarily warning and responsive, sometimes depressed |
| Food and water intake | Usually decreased | Oft decreased; some stressed animals may overeat |
| Urination and defecation | Reduced volume and frequency | Both may be increased with diarrhea sometimes |
| Appearance | Unkempt, piloerection, reduced self care | Unkempt, piloerection and reduced self intendance |
| Eyes | may be sunken, occasional discharge | Belch, particularly in rats and mice |
| Measurable | Endpoint Criteria | Clinical Evaluation |
|---|---|---|
| Neoplasm size | 5% of normal body wight for routine tumour passage or 10% for animals involved in therapeutic experiments | Frequent weighing (run into relevant section of protocol) Frequent measurement of neoplasm size, preferably using calipers |
| Tumour appearance | Prove of necrosis or sepsis | Ulceration, scabbing, purulent belch |
| Tumour location | Damage of normal bodily functions | Inability to access or ingest nutrient or h2o; pregnant interference with normal actual functions (walking, urination, defecation, etc) |
WORKMAN, P., TWENTYMAN, P., BALKWILL, F., et al. (1998). United Kingdom Analogous Committee on Cancer Research (UKCCCR) Guidelines for the welfare of animals in experimental neoplasia (Second Edition, July 1997). British Journal of Cancer 77:1-10.
Body Status Score (BCS)
The McGill University Animal Care Committee (UACC) recommends the apply of Trunk Condition Score (BCS) for clinical endpoints. Body status scoring is a rapid, non-invasive and constructive cess of an beast's physical well existence.
In many instances, BCS is a better clinical endpoint than body weight. The use of body weight alone does not discriminate between body fat or muscle stores. Weight loss can exist masked by aberrant (e.thousand. tumour growth, accumulation of ascetic fluid, organomegaly) or normal (due east.thou. pregnancy) weight proceeds. Alternatively, an animate being that may accept exceeded a xx%weight loss yet maintains a reasonable BCS will not necessarily crave immediate euthanasia. Thus, BCS is a more comprehensive and authentic marker for animal wellness than a fixed percent of body weight loss.
A BCS less than ii would usually be considered a clinical endpoint. Other clinical endpoints can as well be reported such as decreased exploratory behavior, reluctance to move (decreased locomotion/mobility), pronounced hunched posture, piloerection (hair standing on end), moderate to astringent dehydration (sunken optics, prolonged skin tent, lethargy), unrelenting pain (e.g. distress vocalization). Endpoints specific to the project's procedures should too exist included.
Body Condition Score for Mice
 | BC 1 - Mouse is emaciated
|
 | BC 2 - Mouse is under-conditioned.
|
 | BC iii - Mouse is well-conditioned.
|
 | BC 4 - Mouse is over-conditioned.
|
 | BC five - Mouse is obese.
|
A "+" or a "-" can be added to the body condition score if additional increments are necessary (i.eastward. ...2+, 2, 2-...)
Body Condition Score for Rats
 | BCS 1 - Rat is emaciated
|
 | BCS two - Rat is nether-conditioned.
|
 | BCS 3 - Rat is well-conditioned.
|
 | BCS four - Rat is over-conditioned.
|
 | BCS five - Rat is obese.
|
FACTORS INFLUENCING RESEARCH RESULTS
Variables:
- Animal
- Surroundings
- Human
- Miscellaneous
| Beast | |
|---|---|
| An ideal animal model is an individual that is sound both physically and mentally and is entirely suitable for the project | |
| Healthy laboratory animals will necessarily generate sound experimental data as opposed to their unwell or diseased counterparts | |
| Factors to consider in selecting an creature model |
|
| Health status |
|
| Species specific diseases | |
| Genetics |
|
| Nutritional plane | |
| Age | Disease susceptibility by and large increases with age |
| Sex | Reproductive status (east.g. pregnancy, lactation, neutering) |
| Body condition score | Obesity / emaciation vs platonic torso weight |
| Acclimation flow |
|
| Surroundings | |
|---|---|
| Relative humidity | Disease susceptibility (ringtail in rats if RH less than 40%) |
| Temperature | Thermoneutral zone varies between species |
| Housing |
|
| Air quality | Ammonia concentrations, allergens, pollutants |
| Ventilation |
|
| Cage population density | |
| Vibrations | Negative impact on reproductive performance |
| Noise |
|
| Water | Quality, quantity, availability |
| Diet |
|
| Enrichment | At muzzle or room level - Scientifically proven positive impact upon enquiry animals |
| Light / dark cycle |
|
| Human |
|---|
|
| Miscellaneous |
|---|
| On a larger scale, the institutional sentinel program, micro monitoring procedures and quarantine policy volition all have an bear on upon the health of both individual animals, and the animal community equally a whole. Infectious disease in a laboratory beast facility tin kill many of the animals, alter the animal's immune organisation interfering with research results, can spread to people and at that place may be a demand to depopulate the facility in club to eliminate the threat. |
STRESS REDUCTION
Information technology is important to exist proactive in reducing stress in enquiry animals. When preparing a research protocol, minimally invasive techniques should be considered where possible. Pilot studies may be used to observe the best method of performing an experimental procedure before starting studies on larger group.
| Species | Initial Acclimation | Basic Handling |
|---|---|---|
| Rodents | 48 hours minimum | Can commencement afterward 24 hours |
| Rabbits | 72 hours | Later 72 hours |
| Cats/Dogs | 7 days | Subsequently 24 hours |
| Non-human Primates | Quarantine period (half-dozen weeks) | Later on 48 hours |
When animals are starting time received in the animate being facility, a period of acclimation is necessary to allow the animals to recover from transport stress and to conform to their new surroundings and, possibly, new cage mates. The table above shows the recommended acclimation periods for diverse species. Notation that basic handling may be begun within the acclimation period for virtually species. Inquiry procedures should wait until later the acclimation period.
Maintaining consistency of handlers is a very good way to reduce stress amongst research animals. Animals frequently become accepted to a detail handler and become less stressed when e'er handled past that person. Personnel should accept assigned duties and minimize asking others to take over for them when at all possible. Consistency in the style techniques are performed on the animals is also very of import. Husbandry procedures are less stressful if performed regularly past the same person. All handlers should work in a calm and quiet manner, avoiding unnecessary dissonance and a busy, 'bustling' work attitude.
Pair or group housing of social animals is an important method of reducing stress. If removing an brute from a housing unit of measurement for testing, bringing a muzzle mate along can reduce the stress levels felt by the experimental creature.
Using acclimation and operant conditioning to introduce an fauna to an experimental procedure tin significantly reduce stress levels. Before starting potentially stressful procedures, animals should be given the opportunity to get used to the apparatus on several occasions beforehand, especially in the company of an animal which is used to that apparatus. Placing experimental apparatus in the housing expanse, at a gradually decreasing distance, is one possibility. Animals, especially larger animals, can be trained in gradual steps to perform required tasks, such every bit presenting a limb for injection or remaining quietly in a sling or other restraint for prolonged periods of time. This type of acclimation must just kickoff after the initial acclimation upon arrival is completed.
ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT
Experimental animals were traditionally kept in caging which provided niggling or no social or physical stimulation. The utilize of such caging was justified on the basis of reduction of illness spread, ease of sanitation, prevention of fights between animals, easy recognition of illness through measuring nutrient and water intake, etc. Nonetheless, at the fourth dimension, petty consideration was given to the behavioural and psychological well-beingness or the stress induced by social isolation and physical deprivation. It is recognized at present, that the well-being of animals is greatly improved if they are provided with opportunities for interaction with each other and their surroundings. Furthermore, there is an increasing book of literature cogent the deleterious furnishings of impoverished environments on experimental results.
Although the term "environmental enrichment" is used to describe efforts aimed at improving the living atmospheric condition for animals, the move is actually from a very impoverished surroundings to a less impoverished environment. It is unlikely that the level of complexities encountered by wild counterparts will ever be achieved within the laboratory. Furthermore, it is possible that the well-being of an fauna will not be increased by our ideas of increased complexity in its surroundings. Nonetheless, the wild species are often taken as the norm against which the environment of the convict fauna is measured. Some argue that the wild and laboratory animals are no longer the same behaviourally, simply near wild behaviours are seen in the laboratory animal.
The presence of a normal range of behaviours and the absence of abnormal behaviours or stereotypies (behaviors that practise non appear to be goal-directed) is a reasonable indication that the animal is coping with its environment. To make such judgements, we must be able to recognize normal and abnormal behaviours. Those species that are casualty animals in nature, seldom reveal that they are hurting in whatever way every bit this would be an invitation for predation.
Some other approach to evaluating well-being is to use the 5 Freedoms of the UK Subcontract Animal Welfare Council. These freedoms were defined to requite guidance to farmers on the goals of husbandry. However, the freedoms are easily adapted to other animals and take been accepted by various groups including the Globe Veterinarian Association and Humane Societies.
The five freedoms are:
- Freedom from hunger and thirst (by ready access to fresh water and a diet to maintain full health and vigour)
- Liberty from discomfort (past providing an appropriate environment including shelter and a comfortable resting area)
- Freedom from pain, injury and disease (by prevention or rapid diagnosis and treatment)
- Freedom to express normal behaviour (by providing sufficient space, proper facilities and visitor of the brute's own kind)
- Freedom from fear and distress (by ensuring conditions and treatment which avert mental suffering)
The freedoms are general enough to permit them to be used for any animate being species and to allow for interpretation related to particular species. They must exist practical advisedly with an understanding of the biology of each species and care must be taken to avoid using our own ideas as animate being standards. For case, it is customary to go along newly weaned piglets at a temperature of near 27° 0 C, twenty-four hours and night. However, when the piglets had the opportunity to control the temperature themselves, they preferred a temperature of about 29°0 C during the twenty-four hours and well-nigh 15°0 C at nighttime.
Terms like "discomfort" make us remember nearly the beast's living conditions and while nosotros tend to think of the extremes of heat and common cold, or moisture and dry out, there are grades of discomfort in between the extremes as we know from our ain experience. A cool room is uncomfortable if we practice not wear enough apparel and a hairless animal without any means of edifice a nest or others to huddle with may exist uncomfortable at the commonly recommended temperatures in the animal facility.
We can assume, given our present knowledge, that the wellness, nutrition and general environment needs of the common laboratory animal species are existence met in present twenty-four hour period laboratory animal facilities. The major challenge for united states of america is to provide them with social and physical opportunities to live and behave in a normal fashion. To practise that we must have some knowledge of what a detail fauna needs based on understanding their preferences. Most important, all animals crave social interactions although for some this interaction is intermittent and occurs but at convenance times. Most wild animals occupy their days in the search for food and water. The threat of predation is a fact of life for many small animals, including those in the laboratory where we are the predators. To be frightened without having any means of protecting yourself is a stressful experience. Lack of infinite or construction to exercise or play, in the instance of young animals, is detrimental to bone and muscle development and maintenance.
The major factors to exist considered then are:
- Opportunities to socialize or not
- Opportunities to occupy time during waking hours
- Opportunities to hide
- Opportunities and structure for exercise
Improving the environment is not just a nicety for research animals. There is a considerable body of literature at present that demonstrates the influence of an brute's physical and social environment on inquiry results. One of the earlier demonstrations showed that social and physical stimulation of rats resulted in a thicker cerebral cortex with more than dendritic connections. Tumours in isolated mice grow faster than the same tumours in mice housed at appropriate densities. Isolation of mice has been shown to increase the toxic effects of some drugs.
It has besides been shown that environmental enrichment is benign at any stage of an animate being's life. The effects may be different between young and former animals but the old will likewise benefit. For this reason it is important to consider ecology enrichment equally a variable in an experiment and to business relationship for information technology. It is not an pick, however, to omit environmental enrichment to reduce the variables in a study unless the investigator is prepared to include all the deleterious effects of an impoverished environs on the study. Even and then, information technology would be difficult to say that the results represent the normal state of the animal. All the same, if an investigator feels that attempts at environmental enrichment will jeopardize the results of a written report, then this should be justified to the Animal Intendance Committee.
Environmental enrichment encompasses more than just the physical and social environs of a group of animals. Considering nosotros interact with them at diverse levels, we may take a profound issue on their life. We should treat animals in a manner that minimizes any discomfort or stress they may experience at our hands. All the ecology enrichment in the globe will not be of any value if an brute fears the arrival of a human at its cage. It may not exist simply the presence of a person but information technology may also include the sounds and smells associated with an experimental procedure, for example.
Our activities in the brute facility may be disturbing, even if they practice non directly involve the animals. Noise is disturbing to animals and nosotros should minimize extraneous noises equally much as possible. Some people bustle and have an air of urgency about them that is unsettling to animals. Doors are immune to slam shut or objects fall on the floor. Equipment like cage washers, vacuums etc. may be upsetting, particularly to pregnant animals.
If we try to see things as the animals might meet them, we will probably be able to meliorate their living conditions. In render, people working with the animals, particularly the animal care technicians, feel better about their jobs when they see the animals responding to their enriched environment.
It must exist emphasized that changing an animal's environment, whether it be giving information technology a clean cage devoid of familiar "homey" smells or adding toys or other objects for enrichment, will exist a variable that should be accounted for. It is important, then, not to make changes to the surround without the agreement of the principal investigator and if changes are made, they should be applied consistently to all animals in the study. It should be remembered that there may be effects of withdrawing enrichment, for case, if the animals move from a facility with very complex environments to ane where there is minimal complication.
In the past, animals were kept in cages or pens that provided very little substrate for them to engage in many of their natural behaviours. Environmental enrichment is a phrase used to embrace a wide range of additions or modifications of the environment to permit animals a more varied life. Although many of the changes are indeed to the physical environment, changes in social opportunities for the animals are likewise important; and social opportunities include interactions with people. A major benefit of environmental enrichment is the reduction in stress in the animals with beneficial influences on the research projects they are involved in.
Animal Users must know that ecology enrichment is office of the prepare of guidelines from the CCAC. It is not a thing of option but a requirement. Animal facilities will include enrichment devices to single housed animals as part of the normal process. Investigators who practice non want such devices, clear justification must exist supplied to the local animal intendance commission.
Examples of enrichment
- For Mice
- For Rats
- For Rabbits
- Other species
Mice
- Report design
- Housing - wire-bottom vs. solid bottom cages
- Social interaction - single vs. pair vs. group housing
- Feed - ad libitum
- Enrichment devices - tubes, running wheels, marbles
- Homo interaction - minor value
Rats
- Report design
- Housing - wire-lesser vs. solid lesser cages
- Social interaction - single vs. pair vs. group housing
- Feed - ad libitum vs. diet optimization
- Enrichment devices - tubes, marbles, hanging toys
- Human interaction - possible value
Rabbits
- Study design
- Housing - flooring considerations
- Social interaction - single housing with visual contact
- Feed - limit feed, treats
- Enrichment devices - toys, music
- Homo interaction - probable benefit
Other Species
For other species, a search on the Web volition bring plenty of information regarding what is best for the beast you are working with.
CONTROLLED SUBSTANCES
Definition:
A controlled substance is any type of drug that the federal regime has categorized equally having a college-than-average potential for abuse or addiction and has taken measures to control its apply such equally limiting the type of users and requiring a written awarding for permission to utilize.
Permits:
Due to the potential for abuse, permits and/or valid practise licenses are required for the purchase, distribution and administration of opioids as well other controlled substances such as ketamine. Each investigator who plans to use a controlled substance must complete an "Application Form for an Exemption to Use a Controlled Substance for Scientific Purposes" and submit it to the Function of Controlled Substances at Health Canada. Justification for the amount of drug to exist purchased must be provided as well equally the name and address of the supplier (e.g. The Brute Resources Center is a licensed distributor for many of the controlled drugs used in research at McGill Academy). Both bidder and supplier volition receive copies of the permit once the asking has been approved. Call Health Canada at 613-952-2219 for further data.
Records:
Up-to-appointment tape keeping logs are mandatory. A sample log is available online at: Controlled drugs dispensing form [.xls] or see sample form below. The log should permit recording of the blazon of drug the record is for, the name of the Principal Investigator under whose allow the drug was ordered and the date of result/receipt.
OTHER Problems
A. FACILITY SPECIFIC Problems
A laboratory fauna facility must facilitate research past minimizing undesirable experimental variables while providing for the physiological, social and behavioural requirements of the brute. Different inquiry projects and/or different species of animals often require differing facilities and environments. To adapt such needs, an beast facility must have split up areas for carrying out different functions, specialized rooms and equipment, and closely controlled environments.
Animal facilities providing the appropriate surroundings are expensive to build. It is, therefore, imperative that every effort be made to ensure that whatsoever proposed new facility is programmed, designed, and congenital to meet the size and scope of current animal utilise, and yet to be versatile enough to allow flexibility in the years to come.
A number of alternative design approaches to achieve any given functional need are available. It is strongly recommended that the CCAC be involved at an early stage in the planning phase and that plans be evaluated by the Quango before the showtime of construction.
Of import issues include:
- location (secured, clean and dirty material kept split),
- mechanical services (heating, ventilation and air conditioning systems,
- blueprint (size of room, easy to sanitize, easy to access for authorized personnel)
- major functional divisions (animal holding rooms separate from procedure rooms, reception area, one species per room, chancy material used in separate rooms, quarantine rooms, washing facilities, waste disposal, food and bedding storage area, function expanse)
- security (controlled access to facility)
- construction (flooring drains, no cracks in walls & ceilings, windows that do not open)
- caging (appropriate for species, easy to clean, let view of animals, with a solid lesser)
Information on housing of large domestic animals and fowl may be establish in Agriculture Canada's Canadian Farm Building Handbook (Agriculture Canada, 1988) likewise as Social and Behavioural Requirements of Experimental Animals on the CCAC Web site at http://www.ccac.ca/en_/standards/guidelines.
For data on cages for wild animals, contact the Secretarial assistant-Treasurer of the Canadian Association of Zoos and Aquariums (http://www.caza.ca).
Information on aircraft crates and transport cages for a wide range of domestic, wild and laboratory animals may be obtained from the well-nigh recent volume of Live Animals Regulations (1992) of the International Air Transport Association (IATA).
B. THE ENVIRONMENT
At that place are many physical, chemical, and biological factors which may influence experimental animals and thus change the results of the investigations. The experimental results obtained are, in principle, only valid for the atmospheric condition under which they were obtained and merely useful for comparison if all the relevant information concerning experimental atmospheric condition is made available.
Amid the ecology factors which should be recorded for possible inclusion in scientific reports are: temperature (C and range), relative humidity (% and range) and whether or not these are regulated; air exchanges/hour, proportion of fresh and recirculated air, and gas or particle concentrations in the air; lighting (natural and/or artificial, photoperiod, and intensity); water type, quality, and pretreatment; bedding type, quality, and pretreatment; housing density; housing equipment; and physical measures to protect microbiological status. The microbiological status of the fauna should be reported [conventional, Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) for stated pathogens, or gnotobiotic with microorganisms specified].
CLIMATE CONTROL
Environmental requirements vary with the species and the experimental protocol. Environmental parameters are usually measured at the level of the room. More important, all the same, is the microenvironment established at the cage level, since the conditions betwixt the ii may differ dramatically. A summary of some environmental parameters for individual species is given in Appendix I of the CCAC guidelines.
The design of the animal facility should permit adjustment of ecology controls to meet the needs of the species and the experimental protocol. Ideally, each animal room would be controlled independently. In facilities not originally constructed with this capability, this ideal could be approached through proper management and the installation of ancillary automated light timers, rheostats, thermostatically controlled exhaust fans, humidifiers, and air conditioning units.
Parameters:
temperature
humidity
ventilation
lighting
dissonance
chemicals
bedding
population density and space limitations
DESIRABLE CRITERIA FOR RODENT CONTACT BEDDING (Kraft, 1980) : Moisture absorptive, dust free, unable to support bacterial growth, inedible, not-staining, non-traumatic, ammonia binding, sterilizable, deleterious products not formed equally a result of sterilization, hands stored, non-desiccating to the animal, uncontaminated, non-nutritious, non-palatable, unlikely to be chewed or mouthed, non-toxic, non-malodorous, nestable, disposable by incineration, readily available, relatively cheap, fire resistant, remains chemically stable during employ, manifests batch to batch uniformity, optimizes normal fauna behaviour, non-deleterious to cage-washers, non-injurious and non-hazardous to personnel
Unsterilized materials are a possible source for the introduction of disease into rodent colonies. Wild rodents enjoy nesting in packages of bedding, and cats volition defecate in loose bedding.
MICROBIOLOGICAL CONTROL
The effects that microbiological agents can have on experimental results and the health of laboratory animals have been widely documented. Control of the microbiological condition of the experimental animal and its surroundings is necessary for valid scientific results and animal well-being. The sources of microbial contagion include vermin, experimentally infected and spontaneously sick laboratory animals or their tissues or tumours, air, food, h2o, bedding, ancillary equipment, and personnel. Good facility direction practices and abiding surveillance are necessary to minimize the introduction of unwanted microbes. Insect and rodent vermin should be strictly controlled or excluded from the facility.
Whenever possible, the health status of all animals should be ascertained before the animal is brought into the facility. Animals having an unknown wellness status should be quarantined and tested earlier being admitted to the facility. Additionally, all tumour and cell lines should be tested before existence introduced. Research on contagious diseases must exist carried out in appropriate containment facilities.
Biohazard Containment
Containment is required for animals exposed to known infectious microorganisms. Required containment and management procedures vary with the biohazard nomenclature of the microorganism, based on the caste of gamble to man and other animals. Personnel may exist required to shower before leaving the containment unit. All cages and materials are sterilized upon leaving the area. Air pressures are balanced and so that the highest pressure is outside the containment area. Air exiting the facility is diluted with make clean air, filtered, or incinerated.
Considering it is hazardous to staff and animals, UV light is not mostly recommended for routine disinfection of laboratory air. The communicable diseases unit should exist segregated as much as possible from the residue of the creature facility. Specific requirements volition differ with the caste of risk. Depending on the hazard, containment of minor groups of animals may exist accomplished with flexible film isolators or microisolation cages. The utilise of laminar airflow racks to prevent cantankerous-contagion betwixt cages should be carefully evaluated as the transfer of certain pathogens may be enhanced in some instances. Infectious disease units should be disinfected immediately following use.
Recommendations for control of biohazards can be found in Laboratory Biosafety Guidelines (http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/pphb-dgspsp/publicat/lbg-ldmbl-96/alphabetize.html) and elsewhere. Biological prophylactic cabinets approved for the appropriate biohazard level must be used for experimental manipulations. These cabinets must exist inspected and tested annually by trained personnel.
Persons working in infectious disease units should be protected with a comprehensive occupational health and rubber program.
CHEMICAL AND RADIOISOTOPE UNITS
In Canada, laboratory apply of radioisotopes is regulated past the (federal) Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC, http://www.nuclearsafety.gc.ca/eng). The CNSC issues licences to the institution for the possession of radioactive material. When radioisotopes are used in animals experimentally, Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) to ensure that related hazards are minimized should be divers and enforced; these SOPs are considered by the CNSC when it issues the Radiations Licence. Also, the CNSC recommends that the institution's Radiation Safe Officeholder sit down on the Occupational Health and Safety Committee in an ex-officio capacity.
The Workplace Hazardous Materials Information Arrangement (WHMIS) is regulated by federal and provincial health and safety authorities. It legislates labeling requirements, availability of Material Prophylactic Information Sheets (MSDS), and training programs required for personnel to work safely with certain hazardous materials.
The chemical and radiation take chances expanse should be separated from other animal housing and work areas. The hazardous expanse must be conspicuously posted and entry restricted to necessary personnel. Contaminated cages should not exist transported through corridors. Safety transport equipment and procedures should be developed if necessary. Laminar flow cage-changing stations are recommended to protect the staff from aerosolized contaminants.
Source: https://www.mcgill.ca/research/research/compliance/animals/training/basiclevel/good-research-practices
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